Lesión quirúrgica de vía biliar compleja. Manejo conservador / Complex bile duct injury. Conservative management

RESUMEN La colecistectomía laparoscópica es el tratamiento de elección para la litiasis vesicular sintomática. Aunque la tasa de complicaciones es baja, las lesiones de la vía biliar representan un grave problema. La asociación con una lesión vascular (lesión compleja) genera un impacto adicional, disminuyendo la calidad de vida y la sobrevida a largo plazo. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con lesión compleja por compromiso vascular del pedículo hepático derecho que desarrolló una atrofia del parénquima correspondiente. Ante la ausencia de complicaciones sépticas, el tratamiento no operatorio pudo realizarse en forma exitosa.

ABSTRACT Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the standard of care for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Although the rate of complications is low, bile duct injuries represent a serious problem. The association with vascular injury (complex injury) poses an additional impact by reducing the quality of life and long-term survival. We report the case of a female patient with complex injury due to vascular involvement of the right hepatic pedicle who developed right liver atrophy. Non-operative management was successful due to the absence of septic complications.

Clinical features and surgical repair of posthepatectomy bile duct strictures / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical features and definitive repair strategies of bile duct strictures after hepatectomy.Methods The clinical data of patients undergoing definite repair for bile duct strictures after hepatectomy in the PLA General Hospital from 2000 to 2014 and Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from 2014 to 2017 were retrospectively collected.Results Twenty-one patients with bile duct stricture after hepatectomy were treated with reoperation.Among them,13 cases showed continuous bile leakage after operation.The types of hepatectomy include 10 cases of left or extended left hemihepatectomy,7 cases of right or extended right hemihepatectomy,2 cases of mesohepatectomy,and 2 cases of hepatic caudate labectomy.According to classification formulated by the Biliary Surgery Group of Chinese Medical Association,the types of injuries of the patients included four of Ⅱ 2,twelve of Ⅱ 3,and five of Ⅱ 4 respectively.19 of 21 patients underwent definitive repair with hepaticojejunostomy.The long-term follow-up success rate was 89.0％.Conclusions Biliary injury after hepatectomy in which the injury affects the secondary or below hepatic ducts requires surgical repair.Hepaticjejunostomy is an effective definitive repair method.Hepaticjejunostomy for bile duct stenosis after right hemihepatectomy always need to dissect the left intrahepatic bile duct by a hilar plate approach or UPV approach,due to the effect of hepatic portal transposition.Surgical repair for bile duct stenosis after the left hepatectomy,always need the incision of the right anterior and right posterior hepatic duct,due to extensive injuries of hepatic duct.

Manejo de las lesiones de la vía biliar postcolecistectomía laparoscópica mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica / Management of post-cholecystectomy bile duct injuries under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Introducción: la colecistectomía laparoscópica ha sustituido a la cirugía convencional por sus múltiples ventajas, pero se asocia a un incremento en la incidencia de lesiones de la vía biliar, para las cuales, entre los diferentes enfoques terapéuticos, la opción de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica constituye una herramienta fundamental. Objetivo: describir una serie de casos con lesiones postquirúrgicas de la vía biliar manejados mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en pacientes que se les realizó la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en el periodo comprendido desde 23 de febrero del 2010 hasta el 30 de noviembre del 2013, quedando conformada la población de estudio por 13 pacientes con diagnóstico de lesión de la vía biliar post-colecistectomía laparoscópica. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, tipo de lesión, coledocolitiasis asociada, tratamiento, resultados del tratamiento y complicaciones. Las lesiones se clasificaron según la clasificación de Ámsterdam. Las fugas además se clasificaron en de alto grado y bajo grado. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino y la edad media de los pacientes fue de 49,9 años. La lesión más frecuente fue la tipo A asociada a coledocolitiasis, solucionándose mediante esfinterotomía endoscópica y extracción de cálculos. Solamente un caso presentó complicación post-CPRE y no hubo mortalidad. Conclusiones: la introducción de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica en la provincia de Matanzas ha permitido utilizarla como una herramienta útil en el manejo de las lesiones de la vía biliar secundarias a colecistectomía laparoscópica.

Introduction: laparoscopic cholecystectomy has replaced traditional cholecystectomy due to its multiple advantages, however it is associated to the increase of bile duct injury against which the option of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a main tool, among different therapeutic approaches. Objective: to describe a series of cases with postsurgical bile duct injuries managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Methods: It was performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study on patients treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography from February 23rd 2010 up to November 30th 2013, being the study population 13 patients with a diagnose of post laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile duct injury. The following variables were analyzed: age, gender, kind of injury, associated choledocholithiasis, treatment, treatment results and complications. Injuries were classified according to Amsterdam classification. Leakages were also classified as high and low degree. Results: female genre prevailed and the patients mean age was 49,9. The most frequent injury was type A, associated to choledocholithiasis which was solved by endoscopic sphincterotomy and stones removal. There was only one case with post ERCP complications, without mortality.Conclusions: the introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Matanzas province has allowed using it as a helpful tool in the treatment of bile duct injuries resulting from laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Lesiones de la vía biliar en colecistectomías laparoscópicas / Bile duct injures from laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introducción: en febrero de 1991, se realizó la primera colecistectomía laparoscópica en Cuba. No obstante sus beneficios, las lesiones de la vía biliar parecen ser más frecuentes. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las lesiones de la vía biliar en 6 centros de 5 provincias del país, a fin de detectar deficiencias al ser corregidas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio multicentros, descriptivo y retrospectivo de 27 lesiones de la vía biliar ocurridas en 17 288 colecistectomías laparoscópicas realizadas en 6 hospitales universitarios. Se colectó el dato primario a través de un cuestionario de 13 puntos, aplicado a cada paciente lesionado, y común para todos los centros. Resultados: el porcentaje de lesiones de la vía biliar en esta serie fue bajo (0,15 por ciento). En 59,2 por ciento, el diagnóstico fue posoperatorio y casi el 63 por ciento fueron graves lesiones tipo E de Strasberg. Las técnicas de reparación más empleadas fueron las derivaciones biliodigestivas, pero las lesiones diagnosticadas durante el transoperatorio fueron en la mayoría de los casos tratados con reparación sobre sonda. Se presentaron complicaciones mayores en 25,9 por ciento. Conclusiones: el porcentaje de lesiones en nuestro estudio es bajo, pero predominan las de caracter grave. Las estenosis posquirúrgicas, estuvieron predominantemente relacionadas con la elección errónea de la técnica primaria de reparación(AU)

Introduction: On February 1991 the first laparoscopic cholecistectomy (LC) was performed in Cuba. Despite the benefits of this approach, bile ducts injuries (BDI) seem to be more frequent. Objective: To describe the behavior of the bile duct injuries in six hospitals located in 5 provinces throughout the country so as to detect deficiencies to be corrected. Methods: A retrospective, multicenter and descriptive study of 27 bile duct injuries on 17288 LC performed in 6 university hospitals throughout the country. The primary data was collected through a 13 point-questionnaire applied to every injured patient, and equal for all the centers. Results: The percentage of BDI in this series was low (0.15 percent). In 59.2 percent of cases, the diagnosis was made postoperatively and almost 63 percent were severe Strasberg's type E lesions. The most used repair techniques were bile digestive derivations, but lesions identified transoperatively were in most of the cases treated with T tube repairs. Major complications occurred in 25.9 percent of patients. Conclusions: The percentage of lesions in our study is low, but they were mostly severe. The postsurgical stenosis was mainly related with the wrong selection of the primary repair technique(AU)

Early bile duct to bile duct end-to-end(side) anastomosis for bile duct injuries: an analysis of 25 patients / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To study the use of early bile duct to bile duct end-to-end(side) anastomosis for extrahepatic bile duct injuries.Methods The clinical data of 25 patients with extrahepatic bile duct injuries with early bile duct to bile duct end-to-end(side) anastomosis were retrospectively analyzed.Results Bile duct injuries happened in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n=17),laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct (n=1),laparotomy (n=5),and knife wound (n=2).All of the repairs were successfully carried out.Except for one patient who was lost to follow-up,the other patients were followed for over 2 years.There was no bile duct stenosis.One patient died after 5 months of repair in other hospital because of a recurrent bile duct calculus.Conclusions Early bile duct to bile duct end-to-end(side) anastomosis had a good long-term results.The operation needs to be done by a good surgeon or supervised by an experienced specialist in biliary surgery.A prolonged period of T tube stenting is a prerequisite for success.

Surgical strategies for the management of traumatic benign stricture of high bile duct / 中华消化外科杂志

Iatrogenic bile duct injuries (BDIs) and subsequent benign biliary stricture is a medical catastrophe which is associated with significant perioperative morbidity and mortality,reduced long-term survival rate and poor quality of life.For most major BDIs (Strasberg classification E1-E4),the recommended method of repair is hepaticojejunostomy (HJ).We conducted a retrospective review aiming to examine the surgical technique of high HJ at our institution.This review highlights 4 aspects in the operation which include the hepatoduodenal ligament exposure,hepatic artery and its branches protection,exposing the intrahepatic bile duct above the stricture plane,and HJ techniques.Overall,the optimal long-term result of surgical management depends on the availability of experienced hepatobiliary surgeons and a considerable large HJ anastomosis above the stricture.

Costs of management of bile duct injuries.

Background: Only a few studies address the financial impact of the management of bile duct injuries (BDI). This study was aimed to assess the cost of BDI sustained during cholecystectomy. Methods: Patients who underwent surgical repair for post cholecystectomy BDI and due for routine follow up between August 2006 and September 2007 were called for an interview. Results: 47 patients were interviewed. There were 39 (83%) women and 8 (17%) men. The median direct cost was US$ 1626 (451-11,009); ` 73,983 (20,521-500,910). The median indirect cost was US$ 312 (26-2,708); ` 14,196 (1,183-123,214). Total median cost was US$ 2,045 (488- 12,369); ` 93,046 (22,204-562,790). The median total costs of management of BDI was 9.98 times the costs of a cholecystectomy at our centre (US$ 205); (` 9,328) and was 8.41 times the median monthly income of the patients (US$ 243); (` 11,057). Conclusions: Our results will help the hospital administrators and the insurance agencies to calculate and revise the packages and premium for cholecystectomy so that the extra cost of a possible BDI is evenly distributed.

Manejo de las lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar en el Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo / Management of iatrogenic bile duct injuries at a Chilean Regional Hospital

Se revisan, en forma retrospectiva, 16 pacientes con lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar atendidos en el Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo entre los años 1981 y 2004. Doce de estas lesiones ocurrieron en el Hospital de Coquimbo y 4 pacientes fueron derivados desde otros hospitales. 10 casos ocurrieron durante cirugía abierta y 6 en cirugía laparoscópica. La mitad de las lesiones fueron detectadas durante la intervención (8 casos). Las reparaciones inmediatas fueron anastomosis ductal primaria en 3 casos, todos con malos resultados. En 5 casos se realizó hepático yeyunoanastomosis (HYA) inmediata con evolución favorable a largo plazo. De los 8 pacientes con diagnóstico postoperatorio se repararon 6 con HYA de los cuales uno evolucionó con estenosis; una lesión menor con coledocorrafia y sonda T y otro paciente con el retiro de los clips de la vía biliar. En 8 de las 13 HYA se utilizó el asa de Hutson Russell para la reconstrucción. En 2 casos con estenosis posterior, se utilizó el asa para la dilatación endoscópica percutánea. El manejo quirúrgico de las lesiones iatrogénicas de la vía biliar ha sido exitoso en la gran mayoría de los casos (81,3%). Fallece un enfermo (6,3%) con lesión combinada vascular y canalicular, confirmando la gravedad y mal pronóstico de estas lesiones. Recomendamos el asa de Hutson Russell para la reconstruccción, pues en 2 pacientes nos permitió solucionar la estenosis posterior a la reparación quirúrgica mediante dilatación endoscópica percutánea evitando nuevas cirugías derivativas.

Background: Biliary tract lesions occur in 0.3% of all cholecystectomies and are the most feared complications of this procedure. Aim: To report the experience in the management of iatrogenic biliary tract lesions. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 16 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injuries treated at a Chilean Regional Hospital between 1981 and 2004. Results: Twelve injuries occurred in the same hospital and four were referred from elsewhere. Ten injuries occurred during open and six, during laparoscopic surgery. Eight injuries were detected during the operation. In three occasions an immediate primary ductal anastomosis was attempted, but the procedure failed in every case. Five cases were repaired with bilio-jejuno anastomosis, with a good outcome in all. Six of the eight patients whose lesion was detected in the postoperative period, were reconstructed with a bilio-jejuno anastomosis and one developed to postoperative stricture. One patient with a minor injury, was treated with suture of the choledochus and T tube placement. Other patient only required the extraction of titanium clips, as treatment. In eight of the 13 bilio-jejuno anastomoses, the Hutson Russell loop was used for the reconstruction. In 2 cases that developed a postoperative stricture, this loop was used for percutaneous endoscopic dilatation. The surgical management was successful in 81% of patients. One patient, who had a combined vascular and ductal injury, died. Conclusions: We recommend the use of Hutson Russell loop for biliary reconstruction, because it allowed us to perform an endoscopic dilatation in two cases, avoiding new surgical procedures.